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Mode of action Systemic; taken up through roots. Uses Control of aphids, thrips, mites, nematodes, leafhoppers and other pests on cotton, tobacco, peanuts, maize, potatoes, cole crops and vegetables. Could be applied as a soil treatment, foliar spray, seed dressing or transplant water treatment. Phytotoxicity Soya beans and french bean seedlings are not tolerant. Compatibility Not fully known, but has been found to be compatible with most common herbicides, insecticides, nematicides and fungicides used on tobacco.
Residues determined by glc with FPD R. Krause, J. Romine, Anal. Smelt et al. In drinking water by rplc and fluorimetry of liberated methylamine Environ. No skin or eye irritation in standard tests. Inhalation LC50 4 h for rats 0. Other No teratogenic, reproductive or mutagenic effects observed.
Fish LC50 96 h for trout 40, bluegill sunfish Bees Low toxicity to bees. Plants Degradation in plants is the same as in animals. Details PM10, Entry Stability Thermally stable up to C. Stable between pH 4 and 8. Reacts with concentrated acids and phenols in the presence of oxidising agents to give dieldrin. Kearns et al. Introduced by J. Mode of action Non-systemic insecticide with contact, stomach, and respiratory action. Uses Control of soil-dwelling insects including termites and ants at 0.
Also used for wood preservation. Grevenstuk, Meded. Gent, , 40, ; G. Telling, J. Luke et al. See also Pestic. JMPR Mtg. HSG 21 PDS 41 IARC 5 ; Suppl. Toxic by skin absorption. Water GV 0. Other Because aldrin is rapidly epoxidised. Fish LC50 24 h 0. Bees Toxic to bees. Details PM8, Entry Desk Ref. Stability Stable to uv light; decomposes at C. Speziale J. Food Chem. Introduced by Monsanto Co. Mode of action Selective herbicide Uses A selective pre-em.
Incorporated into soil after pre-em. Formulation types EC; GR. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits mg tech. Corrosive to skin and eyes rabbits.
Bees Not toxic to bees when used as prescribed. There is oxidative attack on the allyl group. Glycolic acid is also a metabolite. Loss from soil is mainly by microbial activity, but soil incorporation is needed because of its volatility. Duration of activity 36 weeks, depending on soil. Details PM7, Entry C3H6O Form Colourless, mobile liquid with a pungent odour.
Stability Polymerises on storage and therefore requires the addition of a stabiliser. Stable in uv light. Uses Herbicide for control of weed and grass seeds. Also for the partial sterilisation of glasshouse soil E. Klinker, Ky. Product analysis by measurement of the bromine added across the double-bond or acetylation of the hydroxyl group in the presence of pyridine. For a polarographic determination see M.
Jaworski and J. Bogaczek Chem. Warsaw , 14, , reported in Fresenius Z. It may be detected by trapping in water or sulfuric acid and oxidising to acrylaldehyde by chromic-sulfuric acid. For detection of residues in soil before sowing, the biological cress root test is mostly applied. Lachrymatory and intensely irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
Inhalation High inhalation toxicity. NOEL Highest oral dose without activity for male and female rats 4. It disappears for the most part through evaporation. Duration of activity days depending on temperature, soil type, and humidity.
Details PM6, p. O Details PM4, p. Bachman, Proc. Moderately soluble in aromatic solvents; soluble in polar organic solvents.
History Insecticide reported by G. Unterstenhfer Meded. Staat Gent, , 28, Introduced by Bayer AG. Mode of action Non-systemic insecticide with contact and stomach action. Formulation types WP. Compatibility Incompatible with highly alkaline pesticides. A30 or by uv spectroscopy H. Frehse, Pflanz. Bayer Engl. Residues determined by uv spectroscopy or by glc of a derivative R.
Argauer, J. Holden et al. McDonough, ibid. Other Acute i. Aya et al. Zasso Kenkyu, , 15 , p. Evaluated by Bayer AG. Newman Chem. London , , p. Baldit J. Food Agric. In methanol 0. Formulation types SC. Non-sensitising to skin guinea pigs. Non-irritating to skin of rabbits. In 90 d feeding trials, 0. Other Intravenous LD50 for rats c.
Non-mutagenic in the Ames test and other mutagenicity tests. No observed neurotoxicity to hens. Whole body autoradiograms of rats showed that 14C-labelled ampropylfos is widely distributed in tissues as well as being taken up to some extent into bone and blood cells. There is no evidence of 14C-labelled ampropylfos-related material crossing either the placental or blood brain barriers. The percentage of applied 14C-labelled ampropylfos eluted from three standard soil types was 0.
No photodegradation of ampropylfos was observed in artificial sunlight after 34 days of continuous irradiation in pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9 buffered aqueous solutions at 25 C 1 day of artificial sunlight was equivalent to 1. Details PM9, Entry C10H14N2 M. Freezes 9 C B. History Insecticide isolated in from Anabasis aphylla.
In dichloromethane 90, isopropanol 8, hexane 1. Stability Stable in neutral and slightly acidic media. Wolf et al. Science, , , Introduced by the Ethyl Corp. Patents US to Ethyl Corp. Mode of action Non-systemic foliar fungicide, with protective action. Uses Control of Septoria spp. Also used for the control of early and late blights of potatoes and tomatoes; anthracnose in cucurbits; leaf spot diseases Alternaria, Cercospora, and Septoria spp.
Also used on vegetables, ornamentals, berry fruit, melons, water melons, coffee, and tobacco. Formulation types WP; SC. Compatibility Incompatible with oils and alkaline materials.
Gillespie, J. Methods for determination of residues were available from Bayer. II 58 Severe eye irritant; mild skin irritant rabbits. Fish LC50 96 h for rainbow trout and golden orfe 0. Daphnia LC50 48 h 0. Bees Not harmful to bees at recommended application rates. Plants In plants, one or both chlorine atoms in the triazine ring are substituted by amino or thio groups, through reaction with amino acids, peptides, coenzymes, and other endogenous substances in the cellular system of the plant R.
Owens Ann. New York Acad. Readily degraded in different soils. In acetone Stability Stable on exposure to air and to sunlight. Richter J. It is less toxic to other Rattus spp. Formulation types RB; CP. Residues determined by colorimetry of a derivative E. Bergner, Pharm. Zentralhalle, , 89, IARC 30 ; suppl. Relatively safe for domestic animals; induces vomiting in dogs.
Pigs are very sensitive. Very low human toxicity. Other Naphthylamines, present as impurities, are carcinogenic. Metabolised by lung and liver microsomal preparations into 1-naphthylurea and sulfur. Zukel J. Introduced by Uniroyal Chemical Co. O Details PM3, p. As4O6 Form Colourless solid which exists in rhombic, octahedral and amorphous forms. The amorphous form is unstable, reverting to the octahedral.
Practically insoluble in chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol. Stability Stable in air but oxidised slowly in acid media. Dissolves in alkali to form arsenites. It has also been used as a sheep dip to control ectoparasites. Formulation types PA. HSG 70 IARC 23 , Suppl 7 Packman et al. Harrison, AMA Arch.
Health, , 17, Calvery, J. It is non-cumulative and is eliminated from the animal body in d. Evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Uses Used on apples and pears, powdery mildew of cucumber, grapes etc. Also for rice blast. Skin and eye Strong skin irritant. Rfenacht Helv. Acta, , 51, Geigy S. C9H17N5O M. Solubility In water 0.
Soluble in ketones, esters, ether, alcohols and other organic solvents. Stability Stable in neutral, weakly acidic and weakly basic media. Hydrolysed by warm acids and alkalis. Knsli Phytiatr.
Uses Selective herbicide used to protect sugar cane. Was also a component in total herbicide mixtures. Formulation types WP; EC. Residues by extraction with methylene chloride, hydrolysis with 0. For determination by tlc, spectrophotometry, and gc, see Man. For gc determination with prometon as internal standard, see Anal.
Dealkylation of the amino substituents at C-4 and C Possibly opening of the triazine ring. Stability Stable to hydrolysis; aqueous photolysis DT50 c. Reported by L. Amuti et al. Weeds , 1, p. Mode of action Absorbed through the roots and shoots. Weakly xylem or phloem mobile, hence has limited post-emergence activity. However, it improves the efficacy of other post-emergence herbicides, such as glyphosate, and increases the speed of action of contact herbicides. Compatibility Incompatible with oils and alkaline materials.
Gillespie, J. Methods for determination of residues were available from Bayer. II 58 Severe eye irritant; mild skin irritant rabbits. Fish LC50 96 h for rainbow trout and golden orfe 0. Daphnia LC50 48 h 0. Bees Not harmful to bees at recommended application rates.
Plants In plants, one or both chlorine atoms in the triazine ring are substituted by amino or thio groups, through reaction with amino acids, peptides, coenzymes, and other endogenous substances in the cellular system of the plant R. Owens Ann. New York Acad. Readily degraded in different soils.
In acetone Stability Stable on exposure to air and to sunlight. Richter J. It is less toxic to other Rattus spp. Formulation types RB; CP. Residues determined by colorimetry of a derivative E.
Bergner, Pharm. Zentralhalle, , 89, IARC 30 ; suppl. Relatively safe for domestic animals; induces vomiting in dogs. Pigs are very sensitive. Very low human toxicity. Other Naphthylamines, present as impurities, are carcinogenic. Metabolised by lung and liver microsomal preparations into 1-naphthylurea and sulfur. Zukel J. Introduced by Uniroyal Chemical Co.
O Details PM3, p. As4O6 Form Colourless solid which exists in rhombic, octahedral and amorphous forms. The amorphous form is unstable, reverting to the octahedral.
Practically insoluble in chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol. Stability Stable in air but oxidised slowly in acid media. Dissolves in alkali to form arsenites. It has also been used as a sheep dip to control ectoparasites. Formulation types PA. HSG 70 IARC 23 , Suppl 7 Packman et al. Harrison, AMA Arch. Health, , 17, Calvery, J.
It is non-cumulative and is eliminated from the animal body in 7—42 d. Evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Uses Used on apples and pears, powdery mildew of cucumber, grapes etc. Also for rice blast. Skin and eye Strong skin irritant. Acta, , 51, Geigy S. C9H17N5O M. Solubility In water 0. Soluble in ketones, esters, ether, alcohols and other organic solvents. Stability Stable in neutral, weakly acidic and weakly basic media.
Hydrolysed by warm acids and alkalis. Uses Selective herbicide used to protect sugar cane. Was also a component in total herbicide mixtures. Formulation types WP; EC. Residues by extraction with methylene chloride, hydrolysis with 0. For determination by tlc, spectrophotometry, and gc, see Man. For gc determination with prometon as internal standard, see Anal. Dealkylation of the amino substituents at C-4 and C Possibly opening of the triazine ring. Stability Stable to hydrolysis; aqueous photolysis DT50 c.
Reported by L. Amuti et al. Mode of action Absorbed through the roots and shoots. Weakly xylem or phloem mobile, hence has limited post-emergence activity. However, it improves the efficacy of other post-emergence herbicides, such as glyphosate, and increases the speed of action of contact herbicides. Formulation types WG. Not an eye or skin irritant. Not a skin sensitiser. NOEL 90 d for male and female rats 50, male mice 50, female mice , dogs 10 ppm.
Other Negative in Ames test. Algae EC50 h for Selenastrum capricornutum 0. In the field, in a range of 4 soils, mean DT50c. Mean Koc ; there was minimal movement in soil column leaching studies and azafenidin is not expected to leach into groundwater.
It is expected to dissipate rapidly through photolysis in natural waters. Details PM12, Entry Hydrolysed slowly in slightly alkaline media. Green et al. Mode of action Selective herbicide, absorbed through the roots and foliage. Uses Control of a wide range of annual broad-leaved weeds and some grasses in brassicas except cauliflowers , onions, leeks, garlic, shallots, fennel, peas, beans, black salsify, and oilseed rape.
Applied pre- or post-emergence. Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to cauliflowers. Residues determined by glc using MCD. Mild eye irritant; non-irritating to skin. Blauvelt N. State Flower Grow. Was mainly used in glasshouses as a smoke. Stability Converted to o-hydroxyazobenzene by irradiation, and to p-hydroxyazobenzene in acidic media.
Stable in strongly alkaline media. Uses Control of mites and whitefly on fruit trees, vines, hops, soya beans, ornamentals, vegetables and glasshouse crops. Residues by tlc, or by glc with ECD. Other Non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic. In benzene , 1,2-dichloroethane , hexane 1. Stability Tech. Brown Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. Introduced by the Spencer Chemical Co. Mode of action Selective herbicide, absorbed principally by the foliage, with limited translocation in the apoplast.
Uses A selective post-em. Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to oats and some varieties of rye. Bull, J. Residues determined by hplc or by hydrolysis to 3-chloroaniline derivatives which are measured by glc R. Whiteoak, Analyst London , , 97, Mildly irritating to the skin of rabbits and produces a delayed skin sensitisation in guinea-pigs. It has been reported as a skin sensitiser in man; skin contact should be avoided by using plastic protective clothing.
Non-mutagenic to mammals by in vivo and in vitro tests. Fish LC50 96 h for rainbow trout 0. In rats, metabolism involves hydrolysis of the carbamate group, with formation of well known m-chloroaniline metabolites. There is no accumulation of barban or its metabolites in tissue, and they are rapidly excreted, principally in the urine. Plants Degraded rapidly in most plants.
Metabolites include 3-chloroaniline and a glutathione conjugate. Readily soluble in common organic solvents with the exception of mineral oils. Stability Rapidly hydrolysed in alkaline media, more slowly in the presence of acids. Mode of action Insecticide with contact, stomach, and respiratory action. Uses Insecticidal control of aphids and sucking and biting insects in general in fruit, vine, and field cultivation and forestry, especially control of the mangold fly and sawfly.
Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to a few varieties of apple e. Formulation types WP; DP. Residues: depending on the moisture content of the sample, extraction with either acetone or chloroform, clean-up by liquid-liquid extraction or column chromatography, and gc determination with ECD Man.
For colorimetric determination see Anal. To a limited extent, there is oxidation to the phosphate and hydrolysis to phosphoric acid and 3-chloronitrophenol. Lorenz, evaluated by Bayer AG. Details PM1, p. Details PM2, p. Skin and eye Not a skin or eye irritant.
Is a skin sensitiser guinea pigs. Non-irritating to skin and eyes rabbits. Dissolves readily in aqueous alkalis with the formation of salts. Soluble in common organic solvents, readily soluble in formamide. Stability Very stable under normal conditions. Hydrolysed by strong acids and alkalis.
Frohberger Phytopath. Not used against cereal seed-borne diseases. Phytotoxicity Should not be used as a leaf fungicide. LC50 48 h for carp 0. Bees Not known; irrelevant as regards the seed dressing agent. Introduced by Gulf Oil Corp. Uses Evaluated for postemergence control of grass and broad-leaved weeds in orchards and no-till situations; also as a cotton defoliant and potato desiccant.
Details PM14, Entry Stability Stable photochemically, and hydrolytically over at least the range pH 3 to pH 6.
Chapman et al. Introduced by Shell Research Ltd. Field beans, oilseed rape and culinary mustard may also be safely treated. Crop competition ensures the effective control of wild oat, the stem elongation of which is inhibited B. Harries, Pestic. Residues determined by glc with ECD A. Mathews, Pestic. Beynon et al. Crayford et al. Stability Hydrolysed by strong acids and alkalis. Introduced in the Netherlands by Bayer AG.
Interferes with cellular division at the level of RNA biosynthesis, and inhibits photosynthesis. Mode of action Selective herbicide, absorbed mainly by the roots. Uses Pre-emergence control of many germinating annual broad-leaved weeds in sugar beet, fodder beet, and spinach at 3.
Compatibility Incompatible with quintozene and disulfoton. Residues determined by uv spectroscopy H. Vogeler, Pflanz. Irritating to eyes; nonirritating to skin. In hexanec. Stability Slowly decomposed by uv light; unstable in alkali and concentrated acids, and suffers slight hydrolysis on long contact with water. Czech Anz. Introduced by Hoechst AG. Mode of action Non-systemic acaricide with contact action. Also a contact fungicide which acts by preventing germination of the conidia, and thus blocking reinfection.
Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to blackcurrants, cyclamens, and to hydrangeas under glass. Compatibility Incompatible with alkalis. May be phytotoxic when mixed with some organophosphorus compounds. Farrington et al.
Residues determined by the former method Pestic. Manual, , I, A, G; P. Hoodless, Analyst London , , 98, ; R. Mohr, Anal. Food Addit. II 46 Slight eye irritant.
Fish Max. Papadopoulou-Mourkidou in Comp. Soderlund, Chapt. C12H10 Form Colourless crystals. Readily soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, and other organic solvents. Stability Very stable in acidic and alkaline media. Ramsey et al. Mode of action Fungistat which inhibits sporulation.
Uses Used to impregnate citrus fruit wraps to prevent fungal attack. Formulation types Impregnated material. Gunther et al. Ott, ibid. Norman et al. Pyysalo et al. Farrow et al.
CICAD 6 Depression of the central nervous system, paralysis, and convulsions have been observed in experimental animals. Deichmann et al. Daphnia LC50 8 h 0. West et al. Plants Residues in fruit have been reviewed A. Rajzman, Residue Rev. Details PM15, Entry IARC 9 ; 71 Soluble in DMSO. Stability Decomposes slowly in water, and more rapidly in acidic or alkaline conditions. Formulation types RB. Miscible with most organic solvents. Stability Stable to storage in dark, closed containers; forms bis tributyltin carbonate on exposure to air.
Phytotoxic and unsuitable for use on growing crops or on cultivated soil. Residues determined by hydrolysis to tin II salts estimated by colorimetry with dithiol R. Clark, Analyst London , , 61, ; , 62, PDS 65 CICAD 14 Paynter, AMA Arch. Health, , 18, Skin and eye Absorbed by skin and may cause irritation. Vos, et al. Ib Details PM9, Entry Practically insoluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, dioxane, ethanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, pyridine, xylene.
Stability Stable at pH 5—7; unstable at pH History Antibiotic discovered by K. Fukunaga et al. Jpn, , 19, 18 , its fungicidal properties reported by T. Misato et al. Nippon Shokubutsu Byori Gakkaiho, , 24, and its structure elucidated by N. Otake Agric. Its benzylaminobenzenesulfonate salt was introduced by Kaken Chemical Co.
Ltd , Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Mode of action Contact fungicide with protective and curative action. Phytotoxicity Damage can be caused to alfalfa, aubergines, clover, potatoes, soya beans, tobacco, and tomatoes. Excessive application produces yellow spots on rice leaves. Formulated as the benzylaminobenzenesulfonate salt, to reduce phytotoxicity.
Compatibility Incompatible with alkaline materials. Residues determined by bioassay with Fulvia fulva ACI Severe eye irritant. Other Non-mutagenic in bacterial reversion tests. Daphnia LC50 3 h for D. Plants In rice plants, cytomycin and deaminohydroxy blasticidin-S were identified as the main metabolites. Mild skin and eye irritant rabbits. Daphnia LC50 48 h 1. Algae EC50 96 h for Algae 2. Bees WP non-toxic; SC toxic. Worms LC50 14 d for earthworms c. Other beneficial No effect on soil respiration, ammonification or nitrification.
Plants In plants, 3,5-dibromohydroxybenzoic acid has been identified as a metabolite. There is some conversion to bromoxynil. Koc Details PM11, Entry Stability Stable in solution up to pH 9 and in aqueous suspension, but hydrolysed in alkaline media. Geisthardt Meded. Staat Gent, , 29, , and reviewed by D. Eichler Residue Rev. Introduced by C. Uses Control of Diptera, Hemiptera, some Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other insects in fruit, vegetables, field crops, ornamentals, and forestry. Important uses included control of cabbage root flies, carrot flies, onion flies, beet leaf miners, wheat bulb flies, frit flies, and bean seed flies.
Also used for control of storedproduct insect pests; in public health for control of flies, mosquitoes, etc. Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to cotton and vines. Some varieties of pear, cabbage, and ornamentals, and glasshouse crops may be injured. Compatibility Not compatible with sulfur, organometallic compounds and alkaline pesticides.
Weeren and D. Eichler Anal. Residues by glc with phosphorusspecific FID R. Weeren Anal. Analyst London , , , ; by fluorogenic labelling with dansyl chloride and tlc S. Aaron Talanta , 28 10 , — Determination of the halogenated phenol produced by hydrolysis can be used for both product and residue analysis. PDS 76 NOEL 2 y for rats 0. Fish LC50 for guppies 0.
Bees LD50 oral Plants In tomato plants, the main metabolite is the phenol M. Stiasni et al. Completely miscible with most common organic solvents. Stability Stable in aqueous suspension at pH 0. The principal metabolite is 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol. In benzene 0. Fischer Weed Res. Uses A mixture with isonoruron controls Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica-venti and annual broad-leaved weeds pre-em.
Skin and eye The formulation caused only slight reddening 24 h after application to the shaved skin of rabbits. Stability Stable under normal conditions at pH 7.
Decomposes in strong acids and alkalis. Uses Pre-emergence control of annual weeds. Used, preferably in combination with other herbicides, in potatoes and vegetables. Koennig et al. Pflanzenschutz DDR , 41, Non-irritating to skin. Garrod et al. Monograph Brit. Plant Growth Regulator Group, , No.
Evaluated by Boots Co. Patents GB Formulation types SP. Fish LC50 96 h for goldfish 0. Readily miscible with common organic solvents e. Immiscible with diesel oil. Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 13 d pH 6 , 20 h pH 8 , 2. Later marketed by Luxan B. Uses Control of annual grass and broad-leaved weeds in vegetables, beet, ornamental plants and shrubs, strawberries, herbs, fruit-tree nurseries, and land to be used for horticulture.
Also used for destruction of potato haulms; for cleaning and removal of side-shoots in hops; as a cotton defoliant; and as a desiccant for Leguminosae and seed crops of brassicas, spinach, onions, and beet.
Residues by tlc. Irritating to skin and eyes. Bees Not hazardous to bees if used as directed. Fraser et al. Introduced by Boots Co. O Details PM5, p. Uses A pre-plant. Formulation types GR. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats Bees Acute toxicity to honeybees 7. Miscible with acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane.
Stability Stable in acidic, neutral, and weakly alkaline media. Unstable in sunlight. It is reported that chloroacetamides inhibit synthesis of very long chain fatty acids J. Schmalfuss et al. III Int. Weed Control Congr. Mode of action Selective herbicide, absorbed primarily by germinating shoots, and secondarily by roots, with translocation throughout the plant, giving higher concentrations in vegetative parts than in reproductive parts.
Uses Pre-emergence control of most grass and some broad-leaved weeds, and many aquatic weeds, in both seeded and transplanted rice at 0. Residues determined by glc with NPD. Slightly irritating to eyes and skin. Inhalation LC50 4 h for rats 3. Non-teratogenic and no reproductive effects evident. Fish LC50 96 h for mirror carp 0. Anderson Proc. Velsicol Symp.
Introduced by Velsicol Chemical Corp. Uses Residual pre- and post-emergence herbicide in industrial and non-crop areas at 4. Used at lower rates against broad-leaved weeds and annual grasses in maize, pineapple and sugar cane.
Formulation types GR; WP. Non-irritant to skin and eyes rabbits. Other Non-mutagenic to mammalian cells. Kato et al. Introduced by Sumitomo Chemical Co.
Mode of action Fungicide with protective and curative action, and long persistence. Uses Fungicide with rain fastness. It was effective against powdery mildew on beans, fruit, ornamentals, vegetables and other crops.
Phytotoxicity Some varieties of beans may be injured at high concentrations. Formulation types EC; WP. Irie et al.
Not a skin or eye irritant rabbits. Fish LC50 48 h for carp 6. Crystalline at lower temperatures. Completely miscible with aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones. Stable to sunlight and oxygen. Vulic et al. Gent, , 38, Limpel, J. Introduced by Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Mode of action Systemic insecticide with contact and stomach action. Absorbed by the leaves and roots. Uses Control of aphids, thrips, whiteflies, mealybugs, and other sucking insects with secondary action against spider mites on fruit trees including citrus , vegetables, cereals, cotton, hops, tobacco, and ornamentals including ornamentals cultivated by hydroponics.
Residues of butocarboxim, its sulfoxide and sulfone butoxycarboxim determined by glc with TID. Details available from WackerChemie GmbH. I 48 Irritating to eyes. Other Not mutagenic in the Ames assay. Daphnia LC50 24 h 3. Plants In plants, degradation is the same as in soil. DT50 in soil 1—8 d; DT50 for metabolites 16—44 d. Casida J. It exists mainly as the dihydropyrone I but with the open chain enol II in equilibrium S. Hall et al. C12H18O4 Form Yellow to pale red liquid with a mild aromatic odour.
Slightly soluble in ethylene glycol, refined petroleum oils; miscible with chloroform, ethanol, diethyl ether, glacial acetic acid. Not a skin irritant but may cause a stinging sensation. U Details PM6, p. Peet J. Stability Hydrolysis DT50 Mode of action Post-emergence herbicide.
Moderate skin irritant; mild eye irritant rabbits. Not a skin sensitiser guinea pigs. Other Genotoxicity negative. Not oncogenic rats. Algae EbC50 for Selenastrum capricornutum 0.
Various oxidative transformations of the butyryl chain dominate the metabolic pathway. Neither parent nor metabolites bioaccumulate in tissues. Plants Rapidly metabolised in plants. Rapid degradation in aerobic soil, lab. In acetone , benzene 9. Irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract is evident after inhalation of the dust. After 9 days, no cyanamide nitrogen is detectable in potatoes.
Casida et al. C10H10Cl8 approx. Form A yellow wax of mild terpene-like odour. Readily soluble in organic solvents including petroleum oils. Stability Dehydrochlorinated by heat, by strong sunlight and by certain catalysts such as iron. Beacher Del. Introduced by Hercules Inc. Uses Control of many insects in cereals, cotton, fruit, maize, vegetables and the control of Cassia obtusifolia in soya beans. Has also been used for the control of animal ectoparasites. A heptachlorobornane and a mixture of two octachlorobornanes are more toxic to insects and mice than other components, and are similarly biodegradable.
Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to cucurbits and some varieties of plum and damson. Compatibility Not compatible with strongly alkaline pesticides. Residues determined by glc with ECD Anal. Dunn, Anal. HSG 40 PDS 20 IARC 79 NOEL 2 y for dogs 10 ppm 0. EPA Tracking. Fish LC50 for young rainbow trout 0. Persistent in soil DT50 varies between 70 d and 12 y, depending on soil type and climate. CS2 Form Colourless mobile liquid. Its impurities have an unpleasant odour. Miscible with chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol.
Uses For fumigation of nursery stock and for soil treatment against insects and nematodes. It was also used in some countries as an insecticide in mixtures with carbon tetrachloride to reduce fire hazard for fumigating stored grain. Residues in grain may be determined by glc S. Scudmore, J. Dunning, J. The concentration in air may be measured by drawing the air through an ethanolic solution of diethylamine and copper II acetate and colorimetry of the complex produced.
Profiles,Chapter CICAD 46 CCl4 Form Colourless liquid. Stability Though generally inert, it is decomposed by water at high temperatures. Britton Conn. It was often used in mixtures with more potent fumigants, such as ethylene dichloride, to reduce the fire hazard of the latter.
It has also been used as an anthelmintic in veterinary practice. Residues in stored cereals determined by glc with ECD ibid. Scudamore, Anal. Methods Residues Pestic. Methods reviewed by J L Daft in Comp.
HSG IARC 20 ; 71 Other It is a general anaesthetic, prolonged exposure causing irritation of the mucous membranes, headache and nausea; repeated exposure to high concentrations causes liver damage. Not a skin or eye irritant. Marginal skin sensitiser guinea-pigs.
Bees Non-toxic. In toluene 25, dichloromethane 40, hexane 1. Soluble in hot benzene and dioxane. Stability Relatively stable under normal conditions.
Sasse Hoefchen-Briefe Engl. Sasse et al. Uses Control of powdery mildews and spider mites on fruit including citrus , ornamentals, cucurbits, cotton, coffee, tea, tobacco, walnuts, vegetables, and glasshouse crops; and American gooseberry mildew on gooseberries and currants.
Phytotoxicity Phytotoxic to certain varieties of apple, pear, currant, rose, and ornamentals. Compatibility Incompatible with mineral oils phytotoxicity may result , and with formulations based on thiram. Residues determined by glc Man. Ambrus et al. August, ibid. Tietz et al. Anderson, Anal. Methods for the determination of residues are also available from Bayer CropScience.
II 52 Slightly irritating to skin; severely irritating to eyes rabbits. Fish LC50 96 h for bluegill sunfish 0. Algae ErC50 96 h for Scenedesmus 0.
The main metabolite is chinomethionat acid dimethylmercaptoquinoxalinecarboxylic acid , which also occurs in the conjugated form. Plants After application to fruit, no penetration of the a. The only metabolite detected was dihydromethylquinoxalinedithiol. DT50 in standard soil land 2 1—3 d. Stability Stable in aqueous acid and alkali. Inoue et al. Evaluated by Sumitomo Chemical Co. It inhibits the development of infection pegs from appressoria. Uses Submerged applications of granules 2.
Formulation types DP; GR. Not irritant to the abraded skin of rabbits; minimally irritant to their eyes. NOEL In 0. Stability Stable to acids, alkalis, and light. Mode of action Selective contact herbicide, absorbed by the leaves and stems. Uses Pre-emergence control of Scirpus spp. Phytotoxicity May scorch old leaves. Formulation types WP; GR. Tsuchiya, Anal. Residues determined by glc with ECD idem, ibid.
Kd — In DMF , acetone, methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , diethyl ether 70, chloroform 0. Insoluble in carbon tetrachloride. Stability Thermally stable up to the boiling point. Stable to oxidising agents, acids and alkalis. Decomposed by sodium hypochlorite solutions. Sensitive to light. Series no. The N-glycoside was isolated from soya beans in amounts equivalent to the chloramben applied, but little was recovered from barley, a susceptible crop S.
Colby, Science, , , Mode of action Selective systemic herbicide, absorbed by the seeds and roots, with limited translocation. Inhibits root development of seedling weeds. See also: H. Residue analysis by glc of methyl ester. Fish Not toxic to fish. Plants In plants, chloramben is converted to a highly stable N-glucoside, which retards further degradation.
Duration of activity isc. C6Cl4O2 M. In acetone 33, ether 16, DMF 5. Stability Stable in closed containers. Slowly decomposed by sunlight. Decomposed by alkalis; stable in acidic media. Shavelle Phytopathology, , 30, 4. Uses Used particularly on vegetable and ornamental seeds. Active against damping-off on beans. Residues by extraction with benzene, clean-up, reaction with diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine to give a blue colour, transfer of the dye into the aqueous-acid phase, and determination by spectrophotometry at nm Anal.
Skin and eye Slight absorption through the skin; nevertheless there is local irritation. NOEL Long-term feeding as 0. Other I. In solution, under the influence of sunlight, reduction to tetrachlorohydroquinone followed by replacement of chlorine atoms with hydroxy groups.
Porter Weeds, , 9, Introduced by FMC Corp. O Details PM2, p. C13H10Cl2S M. Skin and eye Slight irritant action on skin and eyes. Details PM3, p. Agrochemicals and later Nor-Am.
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